高考英語研究類說明文大多遵循“提出問題—分析問題—實驗探究—得出結論”的行文邏輯,也是閱讀理解C、D篇的核心考查文體。本文整合近5年高考真題語料,精選100個該類文體高頻詞匯與短語,依照說明文核心考查維度逐一分類,方便大家高效記憶:
一、研究過程與方法類(25詞)
這類詞匯描述研究的開展方式、實驗設計和研究方法。
experiment /?k?sper?m?nt/ n./v. 實驗
research /r??s??t?/ n./v. 研究
study /?st?di/ n. 研究
survey /?s??ve?/ n. 調查
observation /??bz??ve??n/ n. 觀察;觀察結果
detect /d??tekt/ v. 發現,查明,偵察出
identify /a??dent?fa?/ v. 確認,認出,識別
confirm /k?n?f??m/ v. 證實,證明
hypothesis /ha??p?θ?s?s/ n. 假設,猜想
propose /pr??p??z/ v. 提議,建議;打算
inference /??nf?r?ns/ n. 推斷,推理
draw /dr??/ v. 得出(結論)
analyze /??n?la?z/ v. 分析
measure /?me??(r)/ v. 測量 n. 措施
test /test/ v./n. 測試,檢驗
examine /?ɡ?z?m?n/ v. 檢查,考察
monitor /?m?n?t?(r)/ v. 監測 n. 監視器
assess /??ses/ v. 評估
evaluate /??v?ljue?t/ v. 評價,評估
compare /k?m?pe?(r)/ v. 比較,對比
contrast /?k?ntrɑ?st/ n./v. 對比,對照
variable /?ve?ri?bl/ n. 變量
control group 控制組,對照組
sample /?sɑ?mpl/ n. 樣本
data collection 數據收集
二、實驗數據與分析類(20詞)
研究類說明文常涉及數據、統計和分析過程。
data /?de?t?/ n. 數據
dataset /?de?t?set/ n. 數據集
statistic /st??t?st?k/ n. 統計數據
analysis /??n?l?s?s/ n. 分析
result /r??z?lt/ n. 結果
finding /?fa?nd??/ n. 研究發現
evidence /?ev?d?ns/ n. 證據
proof /pru?f/ n. 證明
factor /?f?kt?(r)/ n. 因素,要素
element /?el?m?nt/ n. 要素
correlation /?k?r??le??n/ n. 相關性
link /l??k/ n./v. 聯系
association /??s??si?e??n/ n. 關聯
pattern /?p?tn/ n. 模式,方式
trend /trend/ n. 趨勢
tendency /?tend?nsi/ n. 傾向,趨勢
significant /s?ɡ?n?f?k?nt/ adj. 顯著的,重要的
effectiveness /??fekt?vn?s/ n. 有效性
accuracy /??kj?r?si/ n. 準確性
error /?er?(r)/ n. 錯誤,誤差
三、研究結論與發現類(20詞)
用于描述研究得出的結論、科學發現和理論推斷。
conclude /k?n?klu?d/ v. 下結論
draw a conclusion 得出結論
indicate /??nd?ke?t/ v. 表明,指出
suggest /s??d?est/ v. 表明;建議
reveal /r??vi?l/ v. 揭示,顯示
demonstrate /?dem?nstre?t/ v. 證明,展示
imply /?m?pla?/ v. 暗示,意味
infer /?n?f??(r)/ v. 推斷,推理
show /???/ v. 表明,顯示
prove /pru?v/ v. 證明
confirm /k?n?f??m/ v. 證實
support /s??p??t/ v. 支持(觀點/假設)
challenge /?t??l?nd?/ v. 挑戰(現有觀點)
contradict /?k?ntr??d?kt/ v. 反駁,與……矛盾
account for 解釋;占(比例)
result from 由于……引起
arise from 由……引起
attribute to 歸因于
lead to 導致
contribute to 促成;貢獻于
四、研究話題高頻詞(30詞)
研究類說明文常涉及以下領域的高頻專業詞匯。
1. 環境與生態類
ecosystem /?i?k??s?st?m/ n. 生態系統
biodiversity /?ba???da??v??s?ti/ n. 生物多樣性
species /?spi??i?z/ n. 物種
habitat /?h?b?t?t/ n. 棲息地
pollinator /?p?l?ne?t?(r)/ n. 傳粉者
pollination /?p?l??ne??n/ n. 授粉;傳粉
permafrost /?p??m?fr?st/ n. 永凍層
melt /melt/ v. 融化
shrink /?r??k/ v. 縮小
climate change 氣候變化
wildlife /?wa?ldla?f/ n. 野生動植物
conservation /?k?ns??ve??n/ n. 保護
2. 科技與前沿類
digital /?d?d??tl/ adj. 數碼的,數字的
technology /tek?n?l?d?i/ n. 科技,技術
Artificial Intelligence /?ɑ?t??f??l ?n?tel?d??ns/ 人工智能
AI-powered /?e??a? ?pa??d/ adj. 由人工智能驅動的
application /??pl??ke??n/ n. 應用(程序)
device /d??va?s/ n. 設備,裝置
onscreen /??n?skri?n/ adj. 屏幕上的
multitask /?m?ltitɑ?sk/ v. 同時做多件事
groundbreaking /?ɡra?ndbre?k??/ adj. 開創性的
conventional /k?n?ven??nl/ adj. 傳統的
3. 心理與行為類
participant /pɑ??t?s?p?nt/ n. 參與者,參加者
experimenter /?k?sper?m?nt?(r)/ n. 實驗者
mindset /?ma?ndset/ n. 觀念模式,思維傾向
tendency /?tend?nsi/ n. 傾向
expressive /?k?spres?v/ adj. 富有表現力的
likability /?la?k??b?l?ti/ n. 可愛;討人喜歡
arouse /??ra?z/ v. 激起;引起
initial /??n??l/ adj. 最初的
subsequent /?s?bs?kw?nt/ adj. 隨后的
critical /?kr?t?kl/ adj. 極其重要的
4. 物質與特性類
property /?pr?p?ti/ n. 性質,特性
characteristic /?k?r?kt??r?st?k/ n. 特征
physical property 物理特性
chemical property 化學特性
structure /?str?kt??(r)/ n. 結構
process /?pr??ses/ n. 過程 v. 處理
emit /i?m?t/ v. 散發;發出
sustain /s??ste?n/ v. 支撐;維持
deposit /d??p?z?t/ n. 礦床;沉積物
nodule /?n?dju?l/ n. 結核;小結節
五、邏輯連接詞與過渡語
研究類說明文邏輯嚴密,以下連接詞高頻出現:
因果:therefore /?ee?f??(r)/
The experiment was repeatedly carried out, therefore, the data obtained is highly reliable.
實驗被反復進行,因此獲得的數據可靠性很高。
thus /e?s/
The sample was contaminated, thus affecting the accuracy of the final analysis.
樣本受到了污染,從而影響了最終分析的準確性。
hence /hens/
The correlation coefficient is below 0.3, hence no significant relationship was found.
相關系數低于0.3,因此未發現顯著關聯。
consequently /?k?ns?kw?ntli/
The temperature in the experimental group rose sharply, consequently, the reaction rate doubled.
實驗組溫度急劇升高,因此反應速率翻倍。
as a result
The control group received no special treatment, as a result, its indicators remained unchanged.
對照組未接受特殊處理,因此各項指標保持不變。
because /b??k?z/
The hypothesis was rejected because the experimental data failed to support it.
該假設被推翻,因為實驗數據無法支持它。
since /s?ns/
Since the sample size is too small, the conclusion drawn lacks persuasiveness.
由于樣本量過小,得出的結論缺乏說服力。
due to
The decrease in effectiveness is due to the improper operation of the equipment.
有效性下降是由于設備操作不當。
owing to
Owing to the sudden change in the environment, the subjects' behaviors were altered.
由于環境的突然變化,實驗對象的行為發生了改變。
轉折:however /ha??ev?(r)/
The initial results seemed promising; however, further testing revealed flaws.
初步結果看似良好;然而,進一步測試暴露了缺陷。
but /b?t/
The method is effective but requires a longer time to complete the experiment.
該方法有效,但需要更長時間來完成實驗。
nevertheless /?nev?e??les/
The sample contains impurities; nevertheless, the experiment can still be completed.
樣本雖含雜質;盡管如此,實驗仍可完成。
nonetheless /?n?ne??les/
The cost of the research is high; nonetheless, it is worth the investment.
研究成本雖高;盡管如此,這項投入仍是值得的。
yet /jet/
The data is comprehensive, yet it fails to cover all possible variables.
數據雖全面,卻未能涵蓋所有可能的變量。
while /wa?l/
The control group showed stability, while the experimental group experienced significant changes.
對照組表現穩定,而實驗組則經歷了顯著變化。
whereas /?we?r??z/
The traditional method has low efficiency, whereas the new method greatly improves efficiency.
傳統方法效率低下,而新方法大幅提升了效率。
順序:first /f??st/
First, we collected the original data; then, we sorted and cleaned it.
首先,我們收集原始數據;隨后,對其進行了整理與清洗。
firstly /?f??stli/
Firstly, identify the research objective; secondly, determine the research approach.
首先,明確研究目標;其次,確定研究方法。
second /?sek?nd/
Second, analyze the correlation between the two key factors.
第二步,分析兩個關鍵因素之間的相關性。
secondly /?sek?ndli/
Secondly, we need to ensure the consistency of the experimental environment.
其次,我們需要確保實驗環境的一致性。
finally /?fa?n?li/
Finally, we summarized the research findings and put forward suggestions for future studies.
最后,我們總結了研究發現,并為后續研究提出了建議。
eventually /??vent?u?li/
After multiple rounds of debugging, eventually the system operated normally.
經過多輪調試,系統最終正常運行。
subsequently /?s?bs?kw?ntli/
The initial survey was completed, subsequently, a more in-depth interview was conducted.
初步調查完成后,隨后開展了更深入的訪談。
并列/遞進:moreover /m??r???v?(r)/
The method is convenient; moreover, it can significantly reduce the experimental cost.
該方法便捷;此外,還能顯著降低實驗成本。
furthermore /?f??e?m??(r)/
The study reveals a new pattern; furthermore, it provides a theoretical basis for related research.
該研究揭示了一種新規律;此外,為相關研究提供了理論依據。
besides /b??sa?dz/
Besides data analysis, we also need to consider the impact of subjective factors.
除了數據分析外,我們還需考慮主觀因素的影響。
in addition
In addition to the basic indicators, we also monitored some special physiological changes.
除基礎指標外,我們還監測了一些特殊的生理變化。
what's more
What's more, the research results can be applied to practical production and life.
更重要的是,該研究成果可應用于實際生產與生活中。
舉例:for example
Some pollutants, such as heavy metals, can seriously damage the ecosystem.
某些污染物,例如重金屬,會嚴重破壞生態系統。
for instance /??nst?ns/
For instance, the AI-powered device can quickly analyze massive datasets.
例如,人工智能驅動的設備能快速分析海量數據集。
such as
The experiment requires specific tools, such as precision spectrometers and microscopes.
實驗需要特定工具,例如精密光譜儀和顯微鏡。
including /?n?klu?d??/
We investigated various factors, including temperature, humidity and light intensity.
我們調查了多種因素,包括溫度、濕度和光照強度。
對比:in contrast /?k?ntrɑ?st/
The experimental group showed a growth rate of 20%; in contrast, the control group only grew by 5%.
實驗組增長率達20%;相比之下,對照組僅增長了5%。
by contrast
By contrast, the conventional method takes three times as long to complete the same task.
相比之下,傳統方法完成相同任務需要三倍的時間。
on the contrary /?k?ntreri/
It was once thought that the factor had no effect; on the contrary, it plays a crucial role.
人們曾認為該因素無影響;恰恰相反,它起著關鍵作用。
conversely /?k?nv??sli/
High temperature accelerates the reaction; conversely, low temperature slows it down.
高溫會加速反應;相反,低溫會減緩反應。
強調:indeed /?n?di?d/
Indeed, the accuracy of this data is beyond doubt.
的確,該數據的準確性毋庸置疑。
in fact
In fact, this conclusion is consistent with the results of previous similar studies.
事實上,這一結論與以往同類研究的結果一致。
as a matter of fact
As a matter of fact, the sample size we selected meets the minimum requirements of the experiment.
事實上,我們選取的樣本量滿足實驗的最低要求。
essentially /??sen??li/
Essentially, the core of this research is to explore the intrinsic link between the two variables.
本質上,本次研究的核心是探究兩個變量之間的內在聯系。
六、常考熟詞生義
研究類說明文中,以下常見詞常有專業用法:
draw /dr??/ 畫 → 得出(結論)
property /?pr?p?ti/ 財產 → 性質,特性
content /?k?ntent/ 內容;滿意的 → 含量,容量
specimen /?spes?m?n/ 樣本 → 標本,樣品
propose /pr??p??z/ 提議 → 打算,計劃
assume /??sju?m/ 假定 → 認為,假設
critical /?kr?t?kl/ 批評的 → 極其重要的
initial /??n??l/ 首字母的 → 最初的
備考建議
1. 緊抓研究流程詞匯:研究類說明文大多按照“提出研究問題→闡述研究方法→呈現數據結果→總結研究結論”的思路展開,可依照這一行文邏輯,串聯記憶前三類核心詞匯,提升記憶效率。
2. 聚焦話題高頻詞:結合近5年高考真題來看,環境生態、人工智能、心理學實驗是閱讀C、D篇的常考話題,需重點攻克第四類對應話題詞匯。
3. 吃透熟詞生義:在研究類說明文中,不少基礎單詞會衍生出專業釋義,比如draw表得出、property表性質,一定要結合文本語境精準理解其含義。
4. 積累邏輯連接詞:研究類說明文行文邏輯縝密,因果、轉折、對比類邏輯連接詞是破解題目、理清文章脈絡的關鍵,要著重積累。
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