2023年北京卷閱讀理解C篇

【1】In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world’s most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”.

【2】It has been proved that people have a bias (偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices (犧牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires.

【3】These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our psychological biases play a major role. People’s hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but there are others. One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future. For instance, you might hear someone say: “It’s cold this winter, so I needn’t worry about global warming.” Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual biodiversity decline.

【4】As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically.

28.The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to __________.

A. draw a comparison

B. introduce a topic

C. evaluate a statement

D. highlight a problem

29.What can be inferred from the last paragraph?

A. Climate change has been forgotten.

B. Lessons of history are highly valued.

C. The human mind is bad at noting slow change.

D. Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings.

30.What does the author intend to tell us?

A. Far-sighted thinking matters to humans.

B. Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices.

C. Current policies facilitate future decision-making.

D. Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires.

28題：The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to __________.

A. draw a comparison

B. introduce a topic

C. evaluate a statement

D. highlight a problem

劉凱老師總結-實戰口訣

"引用為證，服務主旨；位置定功能，內容定態度"

引用名人名言在議論文中通常起佐證、強調、具體化作用

看引用位置：此處引用在首段末尾，前面已有主題句，后面是展開論述

看引用內容："only the present exists" "cruelty of the instant" "boredom of an unending now"——全是負面描述
致命陷阱B：很多考生機械記憶"開頭引用=引出話題"，但本題引用前已有明確主題句，引用是遞進強化，而非首次提出。

文本維度：首段結構：①提出核心問題（short-termism是重大問題）→ ②具體解釋（ inability導致嚴重后果）→ ③引用佐證（Francis Cole描述"當下"的殘酷與無聊）。引用是對①②的文學化重述

邏輯維度：引用內容"only the present exists" = 對"short-termism"的同義轉述；"cruelty""boredom" = 對"significant problem"的情感強化。功能=強調問題的嚴重性

命題維度：正確選項D中的"highlight"精準對應引用的強調功能，"problem"精準對應文章核心議題。A、B、C的動詞均與引用功能不符

劉凱老師匯總 解題技巧總結/黃金原則

【引用功能判斷法】

1.看位置：段首引用→可能引出話題；段中/段末引用→通常佐證觀點

2.看內容：引用內容與前后文是同向（強化）還是反向（轉折/反駁）

3.看態度：引用中的情感色彩詞（cruelty/boredom）直接提示作者態度

4.黃金原則：引用從不孤立存在，必服務于段落主旨或全文主旨

29題：What can be inferred from the last paragraph?

A. Climate change has been forgotten.

B. Lessons of history are highly valued.

C. The human mind is bad at noting slow change.

D. Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings.

劉凱老師總結-實戰口訣

"推斷=言外之意，非原文照搬；末段必扣主旨，事例服務于觀點"

最后一段核心：collective "poor memory" + ** generational blindness**

關鍵例證：老人記得滿擋風玻璃的昆蟲 vs 孩子不知道昆蟲數量劇減

變化特點：緩慢、漸進、跨代際——所以人們察覺不到

致命陷阱A：氣候 change 只是引入話題的鉤子，真正論證的是人類對漸進式環境變化的感知缺陷。

文本維度：末段結構：①比喻引入（climate change作為"完美武器"）→ ②核心觀點（collective "poor memory"）→ ③具體例證（昆蟲數量變化的代際認知差異）。例證的關鍵在于變化是gradual的，所以察覺不到

邏輯維度：老人vs孩子的對比 → 同一現象在不同時間點的認知基線差異 → 證明變化是緩慢到無法被單一代際察覺 → 推斷出人類認知系統的時間尺度缺陷

命題維度：C選項"bad at noting slow change"精準概括了"collective poor memory"的本質。A選項是例子層面，C選項是原理層面——推斷題要的是抽象概括，而非具體事實

劉凱老師匯總 解題技巧總結/黃金原則

【末段推斷三原則】

1.例子≠答案：末段的具體事例（climate change/昆蟲）是論據，答案要在論點中找

2.變化速度是關鍵：slow-burning/gradual/dramatically but unnoticed → 核心在slow

3.代際對比=認知基線漂移：新老一代對同一現象的不同認知 → 證明變化緩慢到跨越代際

4.黃金原則：推斷題的答案必須是原文"可生長"出的結論，而非原文已明說的信息

30題：What does the author intend to tell us?

A. Far-sighted thinking matters to humans.

B. Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices.

C. Current policies facilitate future decision-making.

D. Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires.

劉凱老師總結-實戰口訣

"作者意圖=全文主旨的正面表達；問題-解決型文章，答案在'解藥'里"

全文結構：提出問題（short-termism是嚴重問題）→ 分析問題（心理偏見的多種表現）→ 暗示解決方向（需要關注長期）

作者意圖 = 對問題的回應/解決方案

致命陷阱B：sacrifices是原文高頻詞，但原文是否定（unwillingness），選項是肯定（tend to），一正一反，天差地別。

文本維度：全文核心矛盾：短期偏向（short-termism/bias towards the present） vs 長期后果（longer-term causes/climate change/biodiversity collapse）。作者意圖必然是倡導轉向長期思考

邏輯維度：文章是問題-分析型結構，未明確給出解決方案，但通過對問題的反復強調（significant problem/serious problems/cruelty/boredom），隱含呼吁讀者重視長期視角

命題維度：A選項"Far-sighted thinking"是"short-termism"的完美反義替換，"matters"對應全文的危機敘事（problem/collapse/cruelty）。B、C、D均存在與原文矛盾或無中生有的問題

劉凱老師匯總-解題技巧總結/黃金原則

【作者意圖題破解法】

1.識別文章結構：問題-分析-（隱含解決）型文章，答案 = 問題的反面

2.警惕原文詞陷阱：sacrifices/bias/desires等原文詞出現≠正確，要看搭配和方向

3.反義替換優先：正確選項往往是核心議題（short-termism）的反義表達（far-sighted thinking）

4.黃金原則：作者意圖題的答案必須與全文主旨同向，與問題定義反向——批判什么就倡導什么，擔憂什么就重視什么

劉凱老師-終極黃金原則：

"北京卷C篇，四句定生死"

首句定主旨（short-termism is a significant problem）

末句定基調（only the present exists...boredom）

題題扣主旨，選項看方向

正確選項必含"長期/短期"維度，錯誤選項必在此維度上矛盾或偏離